human coronavirus infections more than just a common cold 2020

human coronavirus and coronavirus infection.

Human Coronavirus (HCoV)

 has long been considered an unimportant pathogen.

Caused the "healthy cold" in originally healthy people. However, in the 21st century,
Two highly pathogenic HCoVs-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
(SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronary Virus (MERSCoV)-emerged from animal hosts, causing global epidemic disease, which
Incidence and mortality are staggering. December 2019, another pathogenic
HCoV, New Coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV), Wuhan, China
Was found and caused serious illness and death. With the rapid evolution of the situation,
The ultimate scope and impact of the outbreak is unknown.
Coronaviruses are large, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses that can be divided into
Four genera: α, β, δ and γ, of which α and β CoV are known to infect humans. 1
Four HCoVs (HCoV 229E, NL63, OC43 and HKU1)
It is endemic and accounts for 10% to 30% of adult upper respiratory infections. Coronary disease
Poisons are ecologically diverse, and bats have the most variation.
Show that they are vectors for many of these viruses. 2 Peripheral mammals can be made
As an intermediate host, it promotes recombination and mutation events and expands genetic diversity.
Surface spine (S) glycoproteins are essential for host cell receptor binding, and
It is considered a key determinant of host range limitations. 1
Until recent years, HCoV has been affected by its mild phenotype in humans.
Relatively little attention. This situation changed in 2002, with severe non-
The proliferation of typical pneumonia cases in Guangdong, China has led to worldwide
Internal anxiety as the disease is spread to more than 20 via international travel
country. 2 The new disease is called severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
A species of β-HCoV named SARS-CoV was identified as the pathogen. Since early
Cases have a history of human-animal contact at the live game market, so
The virus is strongly suspected to be transmitted by zoonotic diseases. 3 Initially, civet and quilt
Considered an animal vector, however, with increasing viral sequence data
The emergence of bats, people agree that bats are actually natural hosts.
Common symptoms of SARS include fever, cough, dyspnea, and occasional
Watery diarrhea. 2 In infected patients, 20% to 30% require mechanical ventilation,
10% die, with higher mortality rates in elderly patients and those with medical syndrome.
Human-to-human transmission is also documented, mainly in the healthcare environment.
This nosocomial transmission can be explained by basic virology: SARS S sugar eggs
White's main human receptor, human angiotensin-converting enzyme, 2 (ACE2),
It was found mainly in the lower respiratory tract, not the upper respiratory tract. Receptor distribution possible
Explains the lack of upper respiratory symptoms, and when the patient is already hospitalized,
The peak of virus shedding occurred in the late stage (≈10 days). SARS care usually requires
Aerosol-generating procedures such as intubation are performed, which may also lead to hospitals
Widespread within.
Several important communication events did occur in the community, such as Hong Kong
A characteristic mini-outbreak at the Jinghua International Hotel, where infected customers pass
Travel has spread SARS internationally. Another outbreak occurred in Amoy Gardens
Residential area, where more than 300 residents were infected, thus providing sometimes
Evidence that SARS-CoV airborne may occur. 4 After nearly 20 years,

human coronavirus 

Although the trajectory of this outbreak cannot be predicted, it is effective
Response needs to be from the perspective of classic public health strategies
Set out, take measures as soon as possible, and develop and implement timely
Effective countermeasures.
jama.com Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Published online January 23, 2020 E1
© 2020 American Medical Association. all rights reserved.
Factors related to SARS-CoV transmission (including from self-limiting animals to humans)
Transmission to human super-transmission events) is still poorly understood.
Ultimately, classic public health measures end the flow of SARS disease
Yes, but it failed to occur before 8098 patients became infected and 774 died
Raw. 2 The cost of the pandemic to the global economy is estimated at 30 billion to
100 billion dollars. 1
 SARS-CoV shows that animal CoV can be crossed
Species barriers, thereby increasing awareness of the threat of the epidemic.

coronavirus infection

Another highly pathogenic β-CoV in the Middle East respiratory syndrome in 2012
(MERS) Causes bacteria to jump when identified and dies in one
MERS-CoV was identified in sputum from Saudi men with respiratory failure. 3 with
Spreads rapidly around the world, and is spread in a relatively short period of time
Unlike SARS-CoV, which is contained and eliminated, MERS has been smoldered.
There are scattered zoonotic transmissions and limited human transmission chains. MERSCoV has not continued community sexual transmission; instead, it has caused explosive hospitals
Internal propagation events, in some cases, related to a single superdiffusion
The health care system is catastrophic. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO) states that as of November 2019, MERS-CoV led to a total of 2494
Cases and 858 deaths, most of them in Saudi Arabia. MERS-CoV
Of natural hosts are speculated to be bats, but human transmission events are largely attributable to
Intermediate host, the unimodal camel.
MERS and SARS have many clinical features, such as severe atypical lung
Inflammation, but there are clearly key differences. Patients with MERS have significant gastrointestinal symptoms,
Acute renal failure often occurs, possibly due to
MERS-CoV S glycoproteins are present in the lower respiratory tract and
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) phase in the gastrointestinal tract and kidney
Combine where you are. 3
 50% to 89% of patients with MERS
Mechanical ventilation was required and the case fatality rate was 36%. 2
Although MERS does not cause SARS
International panic, but this second highly pathogenic zoonotic
The emergence of diseased HCoV illustrates the
Into a threat. 2017, World Health Organization (WHO)
To list SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as their priority pathogen list, hope
Hope to motivate research and the formulation of adversarial CoV.
The actions of the World Health Organization (WHO) prove this foresight
Initiatives. On December 31, 2019, Chinese authorities reported
A series of pneumonia cases in Han, most of whom reported contact
Cross large seafood markets and sell a variety of live animals. Doubt another cause
The emergence of the disease-causing zoonotic disease HCoV, and in January 2020 10
Researchers at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Public Health
And its collaborators released a complete 2019-nCoV genome sequence
Going to a public database exemplifies instant data sharing in the outbreak response. early
Step analysis shows that 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV have some amino acids
Homologous and may be able to use ACE2 as a receptor. This is great for prediction
The development of epidemic potential has important implications. 2019-nCoV situation is fast
It has spread rapidly, and the number of cases has now increased to hundreds. Wuhan Family Medicine
The hospital's 15 healthcare practitioners' infection proves that 2019-nCoV's
Human-to-human transmission. The extent to which such transmission may lead to continued epidemic
(If any) remains a key issue pending. until now
So far, the 2019-nCoV mortality rate is lower than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV;
However, the final scope and impact of the outbreak is not yet visible.
Based on previous experience of CoV outbreaks in humans and animals, public health
The Bureau has initiated disaster preparedness and response measures. Wuhan leader has closed and eliminated
Poisoned the first identified market. The United States and several other countries have started
Opinion opinion
Passengers in Wuhan are screened at major ports of entry. In other cities in China, Thailand
Practitioners in China, Japan and South Korea identified travel-related cases in a timely manner and isolated them
Step care. The first travel-related case in the U.S. occurred on January 21, and the patient was a former
Young Chinese men visiting Wuhan.
In addition, biomedical researchers are using SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as

coronavirus vaccine

Prototype development Strategy development for 2019-nCoV. For example, platform diagnostic modes are being rapidly adjusted
Include 2019-nCoV so that cases can be identified and isolated early. Broad-spectrum resistance
Viral drugs, such as an RNA polymerase inhibitor called remdesivir, and lopi
Nerve / ritonavir and interferon beta show resistance to MERS-CoV in animal models
Hope and are evaluating its activity against 2019-nCoV. 5 Vaccines are also being sought along the response to SARSCoV or MERS-CoV approaches. For example, the US National Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Scientists at the Vaccine Research Center used the nucleic acid vaccine platform approach. 6 During SARS,
Researchers took 20 months from obtaining SARS-CoV genomic sequence to Phase 1 clinical trial
Time, and it has been compressed to 3.25 months for other viral diseases. for
2019-nCoV, they hope that by using messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology,
fast speed. Other researchers have similarly constructed viral vectors and subunits
vaccine.
Although the trajectory of this outbreak cannot be predicted, effective response measures need to be taken from the classic
From the perspective of public health strategy, take measures as soon as possible, and develop and implement effective
Countermeasures. Virus family pathogens once thought to be relatively benign cause yet another human
Outbreak of disease, the emergence of this outbreak emphasizes the long-term challenge to emerging infectious diseases
Combat, and the importance of continuous preparedness.